SECTION 11: FOCUS ON STUDENTS

FOR TWO YEARS


SECTION 11: FOCUS ON STUDENTS

FOR ALL YEARS


INTRODUCTION

In this section, the focus is only on the students for two years.Table 11A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected to what extentinstead of a SA to SD perspective.See Table 11B for a clearer understanding of these questions.Table 11B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.


ANALYSIS


image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.


TABLE 11A.���� FOR EACH OF THE TWO STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS

AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�� (1=SA;5=SD)


Q#


QUESTION


Year


Type

%

Agree


Mean

Std. Dev.


n=


1

The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution,

discrimination, and safety.

2003

Students

77%

2.2

0.9

1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191



2

The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or

the opportunity to earn a profit.


2003

Students

25%

3.4


1.0


1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191



3

The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make suchan

involvement a cost of doing business.


2003

Students

60%

2.5


0.9


1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191



4

The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in


2003


Students


93%


1.5


0.8


1009


hiring and promotion.

1995

Students

NI

1.7

0.7

191



5

The corporation has a responsibility

to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits.

2003

Students

66%

2.3

1.0

1009


1995


Students


NI


1.9


0.8


191



6

The corporation has a responsibility

to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits.

2003

Students

72%

2.2

0.9

1009

1995

Students

NI

1.9

0.7


191



7

The corporation has a responsibility

to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits.


2003


Students


83%


1.9


0.8


1009

1995

Students

NI

1.6

0.6


191



8

The corporation has a responsibility

to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices.

2003

Students

73%

2.2

0.9


1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191


9

The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses.

2003

Students

30%

3.0

1.0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

191


10

The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising.

2003

Students

94%

1.5

0.7

1009

1995

Students

NI

1.7

0.6

191



11

The typical business executive has

two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life.


2003


Students


60%


2.6


1.2


1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191



12

Ethical standards in business are lower than in government.


2003


Students


20%


3.4


1.0


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

191



13

Ethical standards in business are

lower than in most religious organizations.

2003

Students

55%

2.6

1.1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI


191



14

Ethical standards in business are

lower than in the typical American family.

2003

Students

46%

2.8

1.0

1009

1995

Students

NI

2.8

0.9


191



15

The ethical standards used in

business are as high as those practiced with family and friends.

2003

Students

24%

3.3

1.0

1009

1995

Students

NI

2.3

1.0


191


16

Occasionally, business people make

decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles.


2003


Students


24%


3.3


1.0


1009

1995

Students

NI

2.3

1.0


191


17

Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer.

2003

Students

60%

2.5

1.0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

191


18

Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading.

2003

Students

36%

3.2

1.1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

191


19

It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer.

2003

Students

76%

2.1

0.9

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

191


image

image


20

The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer.

2003

Students

31%

3.1

1.0

1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191



21

No employee should be required to

engage in business practices that employee considers unethical.

2003

Students

84%

1.8

0.9

1009

1995

Students

NI

1.8

0.8


191



22

In accepting an employment offer

each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee.


2003


Students


55%


2.7


1.1


1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191



23

Wages and salaries should vary

according to an employees productivity.

2003

Students

84%

1.9

0.8

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI


191



24

Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employees productivity and years of service with

the firm.

2003

Students

81%

2.1

0.9

1009


1995


Students


NI


2.0


0.8


191



25

Wages and salaries should vary

primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm.

2003

Students

36%

3.1

1.1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI


191



26

Labor unions serve a useful purpose

by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor.

2003

Students

47%

2.8

1.0


1009


1995


Students


NI


NI


NI


191


27

The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits.

2003

Students

34%

3.1

1.0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

191



28

The corporation should seek to earn a

satisfactory rate of return for stockholders.

2003

Students

83%

2.1

0.7

1009

1995

Students

NI

2.0

0.6


191



29

The ethical standards in competition

are determined by the least ethical competitor.If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive.


2003


Students


20%


3.6


1.1


1009


1995


Students


NI


3.5


1.1


191



39

All institutions in our society should

seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals.

2003

Students

63%

2.4

1.0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI


191



40

Individual freedom may have to be

partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function.

2003

Students

50%

2.8

1.1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI


191



41

Government should redistribute

income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens.

2003

Students

28%

3.4

1.2

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI


191



42

Government should provide

incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems.

2003

Students

71%

2.3

0.9

1009

1995

Students

NI

2.0

0.8


191


43

Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer.

2003

Students

75%

2.1

0.7

1009

1995

Students

NI

1.8

0.7

191



Antitrust laws prohibiting price

2003

Students

67%

2.2

0.8

1009

44

fixing benefit the customer.

1995

Students

NI

1.9

0.8

191



45

Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired.

2003

Students

82%

1.9

0.9

1009

1995

Students

NI

2.3

1.0

191



46

A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm.


2003


Students


88%


1.7


0.8


1009


1995


Students


NI


1.8


0.8


191


47

The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits.

2003

Students

88%

1.7

0.7

1009

1995

Students

NI

1.8

0.6

191


30

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures?

2003

Students

75%

2.2

0.9

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A



31

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice?

2003

Students

87%

2.0

0.7

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A


N/A



32

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives?

2003

Students

86%

1.9

0.8

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A


N/A


33

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences?

2003

Students

58%

2.6

1.0

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A


34

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences?

2003

Students

43%

2.9

1.0

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A



35

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences?

2003

Students

78%

2.2

0.8

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A


N/A



36

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy?

2003

Students

80%

2.1

0.8

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A


N/A



37

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code?

2003

Students

84%

2.1

0.8


1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A


N/A



38

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate?

2003

Students

71%

2.3

0.9

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A


N/A

Source:� ��������������� 2003 Study of Ethics


TABLE 11B.� �����FOR EACH OF THE TWO STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE STUDENTSPROVIDING THEIR

DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT(1=SA;5=SD)

Q#

QUESTION

Year

Type

%SA

%A

%NO

%D

%SD

n=


�� 1

The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety.


2003


Students


23

54

11

11


1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



�� 2

The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit.


2003


Students


3


22


20


45


10


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



�� 3

The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such











an involvement a cost of doing business.

2003

Students

7

53

25

13

1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


�� 4

The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion.

2003

Students

64

29

4

2

1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


�� 5

The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits.

2003

Students

20

46

19

14

1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


�� 6

The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits.

2003

Students

23

49

17

11

1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


�� 7

The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits.

2003

Students

30

53

10

6

1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


�� 8

The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and

management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices.

2003

Students

19

54

17

8

1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


�� 9

The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses.

2003

Students

8

22

39

24

7

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


10

The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising.

2003

Students

59

35

4

1

0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



11

The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life.


2003


Students


16


44


13


21


6


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


12

Ethical standards in business are lower than in government.

2003

Students

3

17

28

44

9

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


13

Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations.

2003

Students

15

40

23

18

4

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


14

Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family.

2003

Students

8

38

28

24

3

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


15

The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends.

2003

Students

5

19

24

46

7


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



16

Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles.

2003

Students

17

72

7

4

0


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


17

Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer.

2003

Students

10

50

17

22

1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


18

Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading.

2003

Students

4

32

14

42

9

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


19

It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer.

2003

Students

26

50

13

10

1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is









20

in dealing with that customer.

2003

Students

5

26

29

37

4

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


21

No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical.

2003

Students

41

43

8

7

1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



22

In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee.


2003


Students


10


45


18


24


4


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



23

Wages and salaries should vary according to an employees productivity.

2003

Students

30

54

9

6

1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



24

Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employees productivity and years of service with the firm.


2003


Students


25

56

9

9


1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


25

Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm.

2003

Students

6

30

18

40

7

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


26

Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor.

2003

Students

5

42

30

16

7

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


27

The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits.

2003

Students

3

31

28

33

5

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


28

The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders.

2003

Students

14

69

12

4

0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



29

The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive.


2003


Students


4


16


17


43


19


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191



39

All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals.

2003

Students

15

48

18

18

1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI


191


40

Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function.

2003

Students

6

44

18

26

6

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191

41

Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens.

2003

Students

6

22

22

30

20

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


42

Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems.

2003

Students

16

55

15

11

3

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


43

Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer.

2003

Students

17

58

22

3

0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


44

Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer.

2003

Students

19

48

26

5

1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


45

Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired.

2003

Students

39

43

12

5

1

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image

image


46

A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm.


2003


Students


44


44


8


3


1


1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


47

The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits.

2003

Students

45

43

10

1

0

1009

1995

Students

NI

NI

NI

NI

NI

191


30

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures?

2003

Students

13

62

14

10

2

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A



31


To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice?

2003

Students

20

67

9

4

0


1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A


32

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives?

2003

Students

29

57

10

4

1


1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A


33

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences?

2003

Students

11

47

20

21

1

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A


34

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences?

2003

Students

8

35

26

27

4

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A



35

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences?

2003

Students

14

64

12

9

1


1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A



36

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy?

2003

Students

19

61

12

7

1


1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A


37

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code?

2003

Students

19

65

9

6

1

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A


38

To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate?

2003

Students

14

57

16

12

2

1004

1995

Students

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Source:� ��������������� 2003 Study of Ethics