SECTION 11: FOCUS ON STUDENTS

FOR TWO YEARS

SECTION 11: FOCUS ON STUDENTS

FOR ALL YEARS

INTRODUCTION

�

In this section, the focus is only on the students for two years.� Table 11A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 11B for a clearer understanding of these questions.� Table 11B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.�

ANALYSIS

�One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.� A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.

TABLE 11A.�� FOR EACH OF THE TWO STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS

AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�� (1=SA;� 5=SD)

QUESTION

Year

Type

Agree

Mean

Std. Dev.

The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution,

discrimination, and safety.

2003

Students

77%

2.2

0.9

1009

1995

Students

191

The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or

the opportunity to earn a profit.

2003

Students

25%

3.4

1.0

1009

1995

Students

191

The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an

involvement a cost of doing business.

2003

Students

60%

2.5

0.9

1009

1995

Students

191

The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in

2003

Students

93%

1.5

0.8

1009

	hiring and promotion.	1995	Students	NI	1.7	0.7	191

5	The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits.	2003	Students	66%	2.3	1.0	1009
5		1995	Students	NI	1.9	0.8	191

6	The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits.	2003	Students	72%	2.2	0.9	1009
6		1995	Students	NI	1.9	0.7	191

7	The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits.	2003	Students	83%	1.9	0.8	1009
7		1995	Students	NI	1.6	0.6	191

8	The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices.	2003	Students	73%	2.2	0.9	1009
8		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

9	The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses.	2003	Students	30%	3.0	1.0	1009
9		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

10	The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising.	2003	Students	94%	1.5	0.7	1009
10		1995	Students	NI	1.7	0.6	191

11	The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life.	2003	Students	60%	2.6	1.2	1009
11		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

12	Ethical standards in business are lower than in government.	2003	Students	20%	3.4	1.0	1009
12	Ethical standards in business are lower than in government.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

13	Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations.	2003	Students	55%	2.6	1.1	1009
13		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

14	Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family.	2003	Students	46%	2.8	1.0	1009
14		1995	Students	NI	2.8	0.9	191

15	The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends.	2003	Students	24%	3.3	1.0	1009
15		1995	Students	NI	2.3	1.0	191
�
16	Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles.	2003	Students	24%	3.3	1.0	1009
16		1995	Students	NI	2.3	1.0	191

17	Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer.	2003	Students	60%	2.5	1.0	1009
17		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

18	Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading.	2003	Students	36%	3.2	1.1	1009
18	Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

19	It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer.	2003	Students	76%	2.1	0.9	1009
19		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

20	The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer.	2003	Students	31%	3.1	1.0	1009
20		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

21	No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical.	2003	Students	84%	1.8	0.9	1009
21		1995	Students	NI	1.8	0.8	191

22	In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee.	2003	Students	55%	2.7	1.1	1009
22		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

23	Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity.	2003	Students	84%	1.9	0.8	1009
23		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

24	Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm.	2003	Students	81%	2.1	0.9	1009
24		1995	Students	NI	2.0	0.8	191

25	Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm.	2003	Students	36%	3.1	1.1	1009
25		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

26	Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor.	2003	Students	47%	2.8	1.0	1009
26		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

27	The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits.	2003	Students	34%	3.1	1.0	1009
27	The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

28	The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders.	2003	Students	83%	2.1	0.7	1009
28		1995	Students	NI	2.0	0.6	191

29	The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive.	2003	Students	20%	3.6	1.1	1009
29		1995	Students	NI	3.5	1.1	191

39	All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals.	2003	Students	63%	2.4	1.0	1009
39		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

40	Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function.	2003	Students	50%	2.8	1.1	1009
40		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

41	Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens.	2003	Students	28%	3.4	1.2	1009
41		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	191

42	Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems.	2003	Students	71%	2.3	0.9	1009
42		1995	Students	NI	2.0	0.8	191

43	Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer.	2003	Students	75%	2.1	0.7	1009
43		1995	Students	NI	1.8	0.7	191

	Antitrust laws prohibiting price	2003	Students	67%	2.2	0.8	1009

44	fixing benefit the customer.	1995	Students	NI	1.9	0.8	191

45	Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired.	2003	Students	82%	1.9	0.9	1009
45	Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired.	1995	Students	NI	2.3	1.0	191

46	A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm.	2003	Students	88%	1.7	0.8	1009
46		1995	Students	NI	1.8	0.8	191

47	The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits.	2003	Students	88%	1.7	0.7	1009
47	The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits.	1995	Students	NI	1.8	0.6	191

30	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures?	2003	Students	75%	2.2	0.9	1004
30		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

31	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice?	2003	Students	87%	2.0	0.7	1004
31		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

32	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives?	2003	Students	86%	1.9	0.8	1004
32		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

33	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences?	2003	Students	58%	2.6	1.0	1004
33		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

34	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences?	2003	Students	43%	2.9	1.0	1004
34		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

35	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences?	2003	Students	78%	2.2	0.8	1004
35		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

36	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy?	2003	Students	80%	2.1	0.8	1004
36		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

37	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code?	2003	Students	84%	2.1	0.8	1004
37		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

38	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate?	2003	Students	71%	2.3	0.9	1004
38		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Source:� �� 2003 Study of Ethics

TABLE 11B.� ��FOR EACH OF THE TWO STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS�PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT�(1=SA;� 5=SD)
Q#	QUESTION	Year	Type	%SA	%A	%NO	%D	%SD	n=
�� 1	The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety.	2003	Students	23	54	11	11	1	1009
�� 1		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 2	The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit.	2003	Students	3	22	20	45	10	1009
�� 2		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 3	The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such�

	an involvement a cost of doing business.	2003	Students	7	53	25	13	1	1009
	an involvement a cost of doing business.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 4	The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion.	2003	Students	64	29	4	2	1	1009
�� 4		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 5	The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits.	2003	Students	20	46	19	14	1	1009
�� 5		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 6	The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits.	2003	Students	23	49	17	11	1	1009
�� 6		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 7	The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits.	2003	Students	30	53	10	6	1	1009
�� 7		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 8	The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices.	2003	Students	19	54	17	8	1	1009
�� 8		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

�� 9	The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses.	2003	Students	8	22	39	24	7	1009
�� 9		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

10	The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising.	2003	Students	59	35	4	1	0	1009
10		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

11	The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life.	2003	Students	16	44	13	21	6	1009
11		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

12	Ethical standards in business are lower than in government.	2003	Students	3	17	28	44	9	1009
12	Ethical standards in business are lower than in government.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

13	Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations.	2003	Students	15	40	23	18	4	1009
13		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

14	Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family.	2003	Students	8	38	28	24	3	1009
14		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

15	The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends.	2003	Students	5	19	24	46	7	1009
15		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

16	Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles.	2003	Students	17	72	7	4	0	1009
16		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

17	Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer.	2003	Students	10	50	17	22	1	1009
17		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

18	Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading.	2003	Students	4	32	14	42	9	1009
18	Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

19	It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer.	2003	Students	26	50	13	10	1	1009
19		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

	The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is

20	in dealing with that customer.	2003	Students	5	26	29	37	4	1009
20	in dealing with that customer.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

21	No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical.	2003	Students	41	43	8	7	1	1009
21		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

22	In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee.	2003	Students	10	45	18	24	4	1009
22		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

23	Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity.	2003	Students	30	54	9	6	1	1009
23		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

24	Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm.	2003	Students	25	56	9	9	1	1009
24		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

25	Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm.	2003	Students	6	30	18	40	7	1009
25		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

26	Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor.	2003	Students	5	42	30	16	7	1009
26		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

27	The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits.	2003	Students	3	31	28	33	5	1009
27	The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

28	The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders.	2003	Students	14	69	12	4	0	1009
28		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

29	The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive.	2003	Students	4	16	17	43	19	1009
29		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

39	All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals.	2003	Students	15	48	18	18	1	1009
39		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

40	Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function.	2003	Students	6	44	18	26	6	1009
40		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191
41	Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens.	2003	Students	6	22	22	30	20	1009
41		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

42	Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems.	2003	Students	16	55	15	11	3	1009
42		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

43	Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer.	2003	Students	17	58	22	3	0	1009
43		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

44	Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer.	2003	Students	19	48	26	5	1	1009
44		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

45	Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired.	2003	Students	39	43	12	5	1	1009
45	Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

46	A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm.	2003	Students	44	44	8	3	1	1009
46		1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

47	The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits.	2003	Students	45	43	10	1	0	1009
47	The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits.	1995	Students	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI	191

30	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures?	2003	Students	13	62	14	10	2	1004
30		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

31	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice?	2003	Students	20	67	9	4	0	1004
31		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
32	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives?	2003	Students	29	57	10	4	1	1004
32		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

33	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences?	2003	Students	11	47	20	21	1	1004
33		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

34	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences?	2003	Students	8	35	26	27	4	1004
34		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

35	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences?	2003	Students	14	64	12	9	1	1004
35		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

36	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy?	2003	Students	19	61	12	7	1	1004
36		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

37	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code?	2003	Students	19	65	9	6	1	1004
37		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

38	To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate?	2003	Students	14	57	16	12	2	1004
38		1995	Students	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Source:� �� 2003 Study of Ethics