In this section, the focus is only on the faculty for two years.� Table 10A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 10B for a clearer understanding of these questions.� Table 10B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.�
�One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.� A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.
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TABLE 10A.���FOR ALL YEARS, PERCENT OF EACH OF THE RESPONDING GROUPS AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�� (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % Agree | Mean | Std. Dev. | n= |
1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Faculty | 67% | 2.4 | 1.2 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 62% | 2.6 | 1.4 | 439 | ||
2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Faculty | 19% | 3.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 18% | 3.8 | 1.2 | 438 | ||
3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of | 2003 | Faculty | 58% | 2.7 | 1.0 | 269 |
doing business. | 1989 | Faculty | 73% | 2.4 | 1.2 | 439 | |
4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.5 | 0.7 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 94% | 1.7 | 1.1 | 440 | ||
5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 68% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 74% | 2.3 | 1.2 | 440 | ||
6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.2 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 81% | 2.1 | 1.2 | 440 | ||
7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 81% | 2.0 | 1.0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 90% | 1.9 | 1.1 | 440 | ||
8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 76% | 2.3 | 1.1 | 440 | ||
9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 42% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 41% | 3.0 | 1.2 | 439 | ||
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Faculty | 99% | 1.2 | 0.5 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 98% | 1.5 | 1.0 | 440 | ||
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Faculty | 38% | 3.2 | 1.2 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 46% | 3.1 | 1.5 | 432 | ||
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Faculty | 15% | 3.7 | 1.0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 9% | 4.1 | 1.1 | 436 | ||
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Faculty | 51% | 2.9 | 1.2 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 50% | 3.0 | 1.4 | 436 | ||
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Faculty | 36% | 3.1 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 39% | 3.2 | 1.4 | 436 | ||
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Faculty | 34% | 3.2 | 1.0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 18% | 3.8 | 1.2 | 436 | ||
� | |||||||
Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for | 2003 | Faculty | 34% | 3.2 | 1.0 | 269 | |
16 | business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 1989 | Faculty | 18% | 3.8 | 1.2 | 436 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Faculty | 53% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 62% | 2.7 | 1.4 | 438 | ||
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.1 | 0.8 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 13% | 3.9 | 1.1 | 438 | ||
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 91% | 1.8 | 1.3 | 435 | ||
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 20% | 3.3 | 0.9 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 33% | 3.2 | 1.3 | 436 | ||
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Faculty | 81% | 1.9 | 1.0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 81% | 2.0 | 1.4 | 437 | ||
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Faculty | 43% | 3.1 | 1.2 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 40% | 3.2 | 1.4 | 438 | ||
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 89% | 1.9 | 1.2 | 437 | ||
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 63% | 2.7 | 1.3 | 438 | ||
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 3% | 4.1 | 0.7 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 3% | 4.3 | 0.9 | 438 | ||
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 61% | 2.8 | 1.3 | 438 | ||
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 16% | 3.9 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 10% | 4.1 | 1.0 | 441 | ||
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.8 | 0.6 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 93% | 1.9 | 0.1 | 440 | ||
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.0 | 0.8 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 10% | 4.1 | 1.1 | 440 | ||
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of | 2003 | Faculty | 43% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 268 |
individuals. | 1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Faculty | 69% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Faculty | 35% | 3.3 | 1.3 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Faculty | 74% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
43 | Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 88% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 82% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Faculty | 87% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | NA | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
30 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Faculty | 87% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 252 |
1989 | Faculty | 94% | 1.7 | 1.1 | 439 | ||
31 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.9 | 0.6 | 252 |
1989 | Faculty | 90% | 1.9 | 1.1 | 440 | ||
32 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Faculty | 89% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 253 |
1989 | Faculty | 92% | 1.7 | 1.2 | 437 | ||
33 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 72% | 2.3 | 1.0 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 83% | 1.9 | 1.2 | 440 | ||
34 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 59% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 70% | 2.3 | 1.3 | 440 | ||
35 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.3 | 0.8 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 65% | 2.5 | 1.3 | 440 | ||
36 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Faculty | 75% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 76% | 2.3 | 1.3 | 439 | ||
37 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Faculty | 78% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 76% | 2.3 | 1.3 | 440 | ||
38 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 255 |
1989 | Faculty | 78% | 2.2 | 1.3 | 439 | ||
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
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TABLE 10B.����FOR EACH OF THE 2 STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE FACULTY PROVIDING�� THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | %SA | %A | %NO | %D | %SD | n= |
�� 1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 44 | 9 | 20 | 4 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 21 | 41 | 7 | 25 | 5 | 439 | ||
�� 2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 16 | 7 | 52 | 23 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 4 | 14 | 5 | 54 | 22 | 438 | ||
�� 3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 51 | 15 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 12 | 61 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 439 | ||
�� 4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Faculty | 64 | 31 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 43 | 51 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 440 | ||
�� 5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 45 | 11 | 18 | 3 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 22 | 52 | 10 | 14 | 2 | 440 | ||
�� 6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 47 | 7 | 16 | 3 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 26 | 55 | 7 | 9 | 2 | 440 | ||
�� 7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 35 | 46 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 33 | 57 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 440 | ||
�� 8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Faculty | 31 | 49 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 18 | 58 | 14 | 9 | 2 | 440 | ||
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 33 | 31 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 7 | 34 | 29 | 25 | 5 | 439 | ||
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Faculty | 82 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 58 | 40 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 440 | ||
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 30 | 12 | 35 | 16 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 9 | 37 | 8 | 40 | 5 | 432 | ||
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 12 | 16 | 49 | 20 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 3 | 6 | 10 | 56 | 24 | 436 | ||
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Faculty | 10 | 41 | 12 | 29 | 8 | 269 |
43 | 13 | 29 | |||||||
1989 | Faculty | 7 | 7 | 436 | |||||
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Faculty | 6 | 30 | 22 | 35 | 7 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 6 | 33 | 14 | 41 | 5 | 436 | ||
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Faculty | 4 | 30 | 16 | 45 | 4 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 1 | 17 | 11 | 52 | 18 | 436 | ||
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Faculty | 13 | 72 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 1 | 18 | 7 | 48 | 25 | 436 | ||
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 46 | 9 | 32 | 6 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 12 | 50 | 5 | 29 | 3 | 438 | ||
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 59 | 27 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 1 | 12 | 1 | 64 | 21 | 438 | ||
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 45 | 46 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 435 | ||
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 17 | 34 | 43 | 3 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 4 | 29 | 22 | 38 | 6 | 436 | ||
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Faculty | 42 | 39 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 41 | 40 | 7 | 10 | 1 | 437 | ||
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 34 | 9 | 37 | 11 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 7 | 33 | 8 | 42 | 9 | 438 | ||
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Faculty | 39 | 52 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 35 | 54 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 437 | ||
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 46 | 16 | 25 | 5 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 9 | 54 | 10 | 24 | 3 | 438 | ||
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 2 | 8 | 62 | 27 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 0 | 3 | 4 | 60 | 32 | 438 | ||
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 47 | 17 | 19 | 10 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 7 | 54 | 12 | 19 | 7 | 438 | ||
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 13 | 9 | 45 | 31 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 1 | 9 | 8 | 50 | 32 | 441 | ||
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Faculty | 30 | 65 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | 24 | 69 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 440 | ||
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 62 | 25 | 269 |
follow to survive.
1989 | Faculty | 2 | 8 | 5 | 54 | 31 | 440 | ||
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Faculty | 12 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 3 | 268 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 62 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 28 | 14 | 30 | 21 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Faculty | 15 | 59 | 7 | 14 | 5 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
43 | Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 33 | 55 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 56 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Faculty | 39 | 48 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 49 | 42 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 51 | 41 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 269 |
1989 | Faculty | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||
30 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 64 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 252 |
1989 | Faculty | 47 | 47 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 439 | ||
31 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 65 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 252 |
1989 | Faculty | 32 | 58 | 4 | 6 | 0 | 440 | ||
32 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Faculty | 33 | 56 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 253 |
1989 | Faculty | 49 | 43 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 437 | ||
33 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 11 | 61 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 42 | 41 | 7 | 9 | 1 | 440 | ||
34 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 51 | 21 | 17 | 3 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 26 | 44 | 10 | 16 | 3 | 440 | ||
35 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 65 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 14 | 51 | 9 | 23 | 2 | 440 | ||
36 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Faculty | 11 | 64 | 13 | 10 | 2 | 254 |
1989 | Faculty | 22 | 54 | 6 | 16 | 1 | 439 | ||
To what extent are ethical standards influenced | 2003 | Faculty | 15 | 63 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 254 | |
37 | by professional ethical code? | 1989 | Faculty | 24 | 52 | 5 | 17 | 1 | 440 |
38 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Faculty | 20 | 60 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 255 |
1989 | Faculty | 26 | 52 | 7 | 13 | 1 | 439 | ||
Source:� ��������������� 2003 Study of Ethics