�FOR 2003
�
In this section, the focus is only on the students for the 2003 study.� Table 7A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 7B for a clearer understanding of these questions.� Table 7B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.�
One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.� A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.
TABLE 7A.���� PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % Agree | Mean | Std. Dev. | n= |
1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Students | 77% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 |
2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Students | 25% | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1009 |
3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Students | 60% | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1009 |
4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Students | 93% | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1009 |
5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if | Students | 66% | 2.3 | |||
doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||||
6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 72% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 |
7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 83% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1009 |
8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Students | 73% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 |
9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Students | 30% | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1009 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Students | 94% | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1009 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Students | 60% | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1009 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Students | 20% | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1009 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Students | 55% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1009 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Students | 46% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1009 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Students | 24% | 3.3 | 1.0 | 1009 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Students | 89% | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1009 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Students | 60% | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1009 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Students | 36% | 3.2 | 1.1 | 1009 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 76% | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1009 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Students | 31% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1009 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Students | 84% | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1009 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Students | 55% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1009 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Students | 84% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1009 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 81% | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1009 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 36% | 3.1 | 1.1 | 1009 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Students | 47% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1009 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | Students | 34% | 3.1 |
2003 | 1.0 | 1009 | |||||
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Students | 83% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1009 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Students | 20% | 3.6 | 1.1 | 1009 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Students | 63% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1009 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Students | 50% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1009 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Students | 28% | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1009 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Students | 71% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 1009 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 75% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1009 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Students | 67% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1009 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Students | 82% | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1009 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Students | 88% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1009 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Students | 88% | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1009 |
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures. | 2003 | Students | 75% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1004 |
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice. | 2003 | Students | 87% | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1004 |
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by the perceived preference of top executives. | 2003 | Students | 86% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1004 |
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences. | 2003 | Students | 58% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 1004 |
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences. | 2003 | Students | 43% | 2.9 | 1.0 | 1004 |
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences. | 2003 | Students | 78% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1004 |
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy. | 2003 | Students | 80% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1004 |
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code. | 2003 | Students | 84% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1004 |
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate. | 2003 | Students | 71% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 1004 |
Source:� ����2003 Study of Ethics
� The actual question on the questionnaire was �To what extent are ethical standards influenced by �
TABLE 7B.������ PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF �������������������������� AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % SA | % A | % NO | % D | % SD | n= |
�� 1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Students | 23 | 54 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Students | 3 | 22 | 20 | 45 | 10 | 1009 |
�� 3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Students | 7 | 53 | 25 | 13 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Students | 64 | 29 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 20 | 46 | 19 | 14 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 23 | 49 | 17 | 11 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 30 | 53 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 2003 |
�� 8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Students | 19 | 54 | 17 | 8 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Students | 8 | 22 | 39 | 24 | 7 | 1009 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Students | 59 | 35 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1009 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Students | 16 | 44 | 13 | 21 | 6 | 1009 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Students | 3 | 17 | 28 | 44 | 9 | 1009 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Students | 15 | 40 | 23 | 18 | 4 | 1009 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Students | 8 | 38 | 28 | 24 | 3 | 1009 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Students | 5 | 19 | 24 | 46 | 7 | 1009 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Students | 17 | 72 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 1009 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Students | 10 | 50 | 17 | 22 | 1 | 1009 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Students | 4 | 32 | 14 | 42 | 9 | 1009 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 26 | 50 | 13 | 10 | 1 | 1009 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Students | 5 | 26 | 29 | 37 | 4 | 1009 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Students | 41 | 43 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1009 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Students | 10 | 45 | 18 | 24 | 4 | 1009 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Students | 30 | 54 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1009 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 25 | 56 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 1009 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 6 | 30 | 18 | 40 | 7 | 1009 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Students | 5 | 42 | 30 | 16 | 7 | 1009 |
2003 | Students | 5 | 42 | 30 | 16 | 7 | 1009 | ||
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Students | 3 | 31 | 28 | 33 | 5 | 1009 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Students | 14 | 69 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 1009 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Students | 4 | 16 | 17 | 43 | 19 | 1009 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Students | 15 | 48 | 18 | 18 | 1 | 1009 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Students | 6 | 44 | 18 | 26 | 6 | 1009 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Students | 6 | 22 | 22 | 30 | 20 | 1009 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Students | 16 | 55 | 15 | 11 | 3 | 1009 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 17 | 58 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 1009 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Students | 19 | 48 | 26 | 5 | 1 | 1009 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Students | 39 | 43 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 1009 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Students | 44 | 44 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1009 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Students | 45 | 43 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1009 |
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Students | 13 | 62 | 14 | 10 | 2 | 1004 |
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Students | 20 | 67 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 1004 |
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Students | 29 | 57 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1004 |
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Students | 11 | 47 | 20 | 21 | 1 | 1004 |
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Students | 8 | 35 | 26 | 27 | 4 | 1004 |
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Students | 14 | 64 | 12 | 9 | 1 | 1004 |
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Students | 19 | 61 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 1004 |
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Students | 19 | 65 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1004 |
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Students | 14 | 57 | 16 | 12 | 2 | 1004 |
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
* The actual question on the questionnaire was �To what extent are ethical standards influenced by��