�
In this section, the focus is only on the faculty for the 2003 study.� Table 6A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 6B for a clearer understanding of these questions.� Table 6B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.�
�One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.� A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.
TABLE 6A.���� PERCENT OF THE FACULTY IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT (1 = SA, 5=SD) | |||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % Agree | Mean | Std. Dev. | n= |
1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Faculty | 67% | 2.4 | 1.2 | 269 |
2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Faculty | 19% | 3.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Faculty | 58% | 2.7 | 1.0 | 269 |
4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.5 | 0.7 | 269 |
5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if | ||||||
doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 68% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 | |
6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.2 | 1.1 | 269 |
7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 81% | 2.0 | 1.0 | 269 |
8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 |
9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 42% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 269 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Faculty | 99% | 1.2 | 0.5 | 269 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Faculty | 38% | 3.2 | 1.2 | 269 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Faculty | 15% | 3.7 | 1.0 | 269 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Faculty | 51% | 2.9 | 1.2 | 269 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Faculty | 36% | 3.1 | 1.1 | 269 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Faculty | 34% | 3.2 | 1.0 | 269 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Faculty | 85% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 269 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Faculty | 53% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.1 | 0.8 | 269 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 20% | 3.3 | 0.9 | 269 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Faculty | 81% | 1.9 | 1.0 | 269 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Faculty | 43% | 3.1 | 1.2 | 269 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 269 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 269 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 3% | 4.1 | 0.7 | 269 |
Labor unions serve a useful purpose by |
26 | prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 16% | 3.9 | 1.1 | 269 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.8 | 0.6 | 269 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.0 | 0.8 | 269 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Faculty | 43% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 268 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Faculty | 69% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 269 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Faculty | 35% | 3.3 | 1.3 | 269 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Faculty | 74% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 88% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 269 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 82% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Faculty | 87% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 269 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 269 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 |
30 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Faculty | 87% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 252 |
31 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.9 | 0.6 | 252 |
32 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Faculty | 89% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 253 |
33 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 72% | 2.3 | 1.0 | 254 |
34 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 59% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 254 |
35 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.3 | 0.8 | 254 |
36 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Faculty | 75% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 254 |
37 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Faculty | 78% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 254 |
38 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 255 |
TABLE 6B.������ PERCENT OF THE FACULTY IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF�AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | %SA | %A | %NO | %D | %SD | n= |
�� 1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 44 | 9 | 20 | 4 | 269 |
�� 2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 16 | 7 | 52 | 23 | 269 |
�� 3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 51 | 15 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
�� 4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Faculty | 64 | 31 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 269 |
�� 5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 45 | 11 | 18 | 3 | 269 |
�� 6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 47 | 7 | 16 | 3 | 269 |
�� 7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 35 | 46 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 2003 |
�� 8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Faculty | 31 | 49 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 269 |
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 33 | 31 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 33 | 31 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Faculty | 82 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 269 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 30 | 12 | 35 | 16 | 269 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 12 | 16 | 49 | 20 | 269 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Faculty | 10 | 41 | 12 | 29 | 8 | 269 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Faculty | 6 | 30 | 22 | 35 | 7 | 269 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Faculty | 4 | 30 | 16 | 45 | 4 | 269 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Faculty | 13 | 72 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 269 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 46 | 9 | 32 | 6 | 269 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 59 | 27 | 269 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 269 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 17 | 34 | 43 | 3 | 269 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Faculty | 42 | 39 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 269 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 34 | 9 | 37 | 11 | 269 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Faculty | 39 | 52 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 269 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 46 | 16 | 25 | 5 | 269 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 2 | 8 | 62 | 27 | 269 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 47 | 17 | 19 | 10 | 269 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 13 | 9 | 45 | 31 | 269 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Faculty | 30 | 65 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 269 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 62 | 25 | 269 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Faculty | 12 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 3 | 268 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 62 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 269 |
to effectively function. | |||||||||
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 28 | 14 | 30 | 21 | 269 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Faculty | 15 | 59 | 7 | 14 | 5 | 269 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 33 | 55 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 269 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 56 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 269 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Faculty | 39 | 48 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 269 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 49 | 42 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 269 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 51 | 41 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 269 |
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 64 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 252 |
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 65 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 252 |
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by perceived preference of top executives. | 2003 | Faculty | 33 | 56 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 253 |
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences. | 2003 | Faculty | 11 | 61 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 |
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 51 | 21 | 17 | 3 | 254 |
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 65 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 |
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy. | 2003 | Faculty | 11 | 64 | 13 | 10 | 2 | 254 |
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code. | 2003 | Faculty | 15 | 63 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 254 |
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate. | 2003 | Faculty | 20 | 60 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 255 |
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
* The actual question on the questionnaire was �To what extent are ethical standards influenced by ��