Ellen Sutor, Kathleen Casey and Paul C. Thistlethwaite
Department of Marketing and Finance Western Illinois University Research Design Dynamics
Macomb, Il
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: | EXECTUIVE SUMMARY | Contents | Page iv | |
SECTION 2: | INTRODUCTION AND METHODOLOGY | 1 | ||
SECTION 3: | BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS OF ALL THREE GROUPS | 7 | ||
SECTION 4: | FOCUS ON ALL 3 GROUPS FOR 2003 ONLY | 13 | ||
SECTION 5: | FOCUS ON ONLY THE BUSINESS LEADERS FOR 2003 | 32 | ||
SECTION 6: | FOCUS ON ONLY THE FACULTY FOR 2003 | 44 | ||
SECTION 7: | FOCUS ON ONLY THE STUDENTS FOR 2003 | 55 | ||
SECTION 8: | FOCUS ON ALL THREE GROUPS FOR ALL YEARS | 67 | ||
SECTION 9: | FOCUS ON BUSINESS LEADERS FOR THREE YEARS | 93 | ||
SECTION 10: | FOCUS ON FACULTY FOR TWO YEARS | 109 | ||
SECTION 11: | FOCUS ON STUDENTS FOR TWO YEARS | 123 | ||
SECTION 12: | APPENDICES | 137 | ||
APPENDIX A: | FIRST PAGE OF THE EXCEL DATA FILE | 138 | ||
APPENDIX B: | 1983 BUSINESS LEADER QUESTIONS | 141 | ||
APPENDIX C: | 2003 BUSINESS LEADER QUESTIONNAIRE | 148 | ||
APPENDIX D: | 2003 FACULTY QUESTIONNAIRE | 151 | ||
APPENDIX E: | 2003 STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRE | 157 |
List of Tables
Table | Page | |
TABLE 2A. | RESPONSE RATES FOR THE THREE BUSINESS LEADER STUDIES. | 3 |
TABLE 2B. | RESPONSE RATES FOR THE TWO FACULTY STUDIES | 3 |
TABLE 2C. | NUMBER OF STUDENTS FROM EACH UNIVERSITY | 4 |
TABLE 2D. | RESPONSE RATES FOR THE TWO STUDENT STUDIES | 4 |
TABLE 2E. | NUMBER OF QUESTIONS ASKED IN EACH SURVEY | 5 |
TABLE 3A. | PERCENT IN EACH GROUP HAVING TAKEN AN ETHICS OR MORAL | 8 |
PHILOSOPHY COURSE | ||
TABLE 3B. | DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDING BUSINESS LEADERS | 9 |
TABLE 3C. | DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDING FACULTY | 11 |
TABLE 3D. | DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDING STUDENTS | 12 |
TABLE 4A. | PERCENT OF EACH OF THE THREE 2003 RESPONDING GROUPS AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�� (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 15 |
TABLE 4B. | FOR ALL SEVEN YEARS, PERCENT OF EACH OF THE THREE GROUPS PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� | 25 |
5=SD) | ||
TABLE 5A. | PERCENT OF THE BUSINESS LEADERS IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT (1 = SA , 5=SD) | 34 |
TABLE 5B. | PERCENT OF THE BUSINESS LEADERS IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 39 |
TABLE 6A. | PERCENT OF THE FACULTY IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�(1 = SA , 5=SD) | 46 |
TABLE 6B. | PERCENT OF THE FACULTY IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 50 |
TABLE 7A. | PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�(1=SA;� 5=SD) | 57 |
TABLE 7B. | PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 62 |
TABLE 8A. | FOR ALL YEARS, PERCENT OF EACH OF THE RESPONDING GROUPS AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�(1=SA;� 5=SD) | 69 |
TABLE 8B. | FOR ALL SEVEN YEARS, PERCENT OF EACH OF THE THREE GROUPS PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT��� (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 81 |
TABLE 9A. | FOR EACH OF THE THREE STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE BUSINESS LEADERS AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT���� (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 95 |
TABLE 9B. | FOR EACH OF THE THREE STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE BUSINESS LEADERS PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 102 |
TABLE 10A. | FOR EACH OF THE TWO STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE FACULTY AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�� (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 111 |
TABLE 10B. | FOR EACH OF THESTWO STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE FACULTY PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 117 |
TABLE 11A. | FOR EACH OF THE TWO STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT�� (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 125 |
TABLE 11B. | FOR EACH OF THE TWO� STUDIES, PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | 131 |
�SELECTED YEARS
�1983 � 2003
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This study of business professionals, university faculty and college students provides insights into their ethical beliefs.� Not only can one compare the views of these three groups in late 2003, but the views can be compared to prior studies of the three groups.� Consequently, a very large amount of information has been provided in this report for the reader.� Trying to summarize the important findings will be left to the reader.� People interested in this study will have different perspectives and different research needs.� Please examine the information that you are interested in.� Do write about it.� Only one conference paper has been developed from the data thus far.� The American National Business Hall of Fame board members have received a file copy of this report, the SPSS data file, and an excel file containing results from an additional 189 students from University of Louisiana at Monroe and 84 students from the University of Oregon.� Other persons interested in the data may contact Richard Hattwick for the files at richardhattwick@bellsouth.net or (561) 676-8784
INTRODUCTION
The Illinois Hall of Fame began an intensive study of ethics in 1983 with a mail survey of randomly selected business leaders of America�s largest 10,000 corporations.� Other studies of other business leaders, university faculty and students were conducted in 1988, 1989 and 1995.� In order to obtain the views of these three groups in 2003, follow-up studies were commissioned by the Board of Directors of the American National Business Hall of Fame. Paul Thistlethwaite, president of Research Design Dynamics and Emeritus Professor of Marketing at WIU worked with two senior students in marketing, Ellen Sutor and Kathleen Casey to conduct the studies.� Several objectives guided the research.� In order to demonstrate these in this report, a strucu8tre was created that will facilitate the appropriate comparisons.
To obtain updated information on each of the three groups.
To compare the three groups� opinions in 2003.
To compare the 2003 opinions with the earlier four studies.
To compare the 2003 business leaders� opinions with those of 1988 and 1983.
To compare the 2003 faculty members� opinions with those of 1989.
To compare the 2003 students� opinions with those of 1995.
This report will be primarily a statistical report since so many different comparisons of groups are made.�� Different persons can use the information to develop professional articles.�
METHODOLGY
In order to obtain the views of business leaders, faculty and students, three different methodologies were employed.� The business leaders and faculty were surveyed using the methodologies of the earlier studies.� The students� opinions were gathered from several universities instead of just one; the methodology employed in the earlier studies.�� The following two sections discuss the actual data collection procedures including response rates and the differences in the questionnaires.�
Business Leaders
The Hall of Fame has conducted three studies of business leaders.� All three surveyed random selections of organizations from the 10,000 largest in the U.S.� A mail survey was employed in each of these.�� The appropriate respondent was the chief executive officer or the president.� Others were given the survey to respond to though.� The response rates for these studies are presented in Table 1.�
TABLE 2A. RESPONSE RATES FOR THE THREE BUSINESS LEADER STUDIES. | |||
1983 * | 1988� ** | 2003 | |
Population of interest | |||
Number Sent out | 700 | 864 | 1445 |
Number of good responses | 119 | 138 | 66 |
Response Rate | 17 | 16 | |
Source: 2003 Study of Ethics | |||
*Hattwick, Richard, Bong-Gon P. Shin and Larry C. Wall (1984).� �Business� Ethics- Findings of a Survey of America�s Business Leaders,� Journal of Behavioral Economics, pp. 157-185.
**Prasad, Jyoti, Yunus Kathawala, Matthew Monippallil and Richard Hattwick ��� (1993).� �Business and Academe:� A comparison of Perceptions on Business Ethics,�� The Journal of Socio-Economics, Volume 22, Number 1, pp. 69-83.
The response rate in 2003 was much lower than the other two groups.� In the intervening 15 years, chief executives and presidents have been receiving many more surveys than in the past. This might account for the lower response rate.� The lack of a follow-up postcard might have contributed to it also.� Twice as many surveys were sent out this time as in the past so a follow-up postcard would not be necessary. This was not an accurate assumption.� A follow-up postcard would probably have been more effective.
Faculty
In both 1989 and 2003, university faculty were contacted by sending a letter to the Dean of a college of business and asking him or her to complete the survey and also ask three other faculty to respond.� All of the selected colleges in 2003 were members of the AACSB.�� A follow-up postcard was sent out three weeks after the initial survey was mailed.� This was too apparently too long of a time period to elapse to be effective.� A problem also did arise with this survey that may have contributed to a lower response rate.� Some of the faculty received questions that inadvertently had been printed with the student demographic questions rather than the faculty demographic ones.� All of the deans received the correct version.
TABLE 2B.����� RESPONSE RATES FOR THE TWO FACULTY STUDIES | ||
1989* | 2003 | |
Population of interest | ||
Number Sent out | 637 x 4 | 634 X 4 |
Number of good responses | 445 | 269 |
Response Rate | 17% | 11% |
Source:� ��������������� | 2003 Study of Ethics | |
*Monippallil, Matthew, Yunus Kathawala, Richard Hattwick, Larry Wall and Bong-Gon P. Shin, (1999).� �Business Ethics in America:� A View From the Classroom,� The Journal of Behavioral Economics, Volume 19, Number 1, pp.� 125-140.
Students
The students in the 1995 study were college of business students from Eastern Illinois University.� In order to obtain a wider perspective of students� ethical attitudes, faculty from the American National Hall of Fame were invited to participate in the collection of student data at their university.� A few other selected faculty were also invited to participate.� By January 10, 2004, a total of 1009 good questionnaires were returned for processing and analysis.� An additional 84 were provided by Simona Stan at the University of Oregon.� Jerry Wall at University of Louisiana at Monroe collected 189 surveys from his university.� They were received in February and could not be included in the first version of this report.� Redoing the many, many tables to include their data was beyond the scope of this study.� They, however, will be part of the database that faculty can use to develop professional articles.�� The students attended college at a private university, several regional universities and two flagship universities.�� Table 2C presents the listing of the universities that participated and the number of students surveyed at each.�� Table 2.E gives information about the number of students in each of the two studies.
TABLE 2C.���� NUMBER OF STUDENTS FROM EACH UNIVERSITY | |||
University | Contact | Number Returned | Percent |
Colorado State U. | John Olienyk� & O.C. Ferrell | 79 | 8% |
Eastern Illinois U. | Yunus Kathawala | 186 | 18 |
Illinois Wesleyan U. | Fred Hoyt | 45 | 4 |
Kennesaw State U. | Kamal Fatehi | 198 | 20 |
Loyola Marymount U. | Edmund Gray | 156 | 16 |
Southeast Mo State U. | Ken Heischmidt | 57 | 6 |
Southwest Mo State U. | Charlie Pettijohn | 58 | 6 |
U. of Akron | Mike d�Amico | 109 | 11 |
U. of Illinois � Champaign | John Kindt | 21 | 2 |
Western Illinois U. | Joe Dobson | 100 | 10 |
101% | |||
*U. of Louisiana at Monroe | Jerry Wall | 189 | |
*U. of Oregon | Simona Stan | 84 | |
Source:��� 2003 Study of Ethics
*Not included in this report.
TABLE 2D. NUMBER OF RESPONSES FOR THE TWO STUDENT ����� STUDIES | ||
1995 * | 2003 | |
Population of interest | College of Business students | Students taking classes in the College of Business. |
Number of good responses | 191 | 1009 |
Source:� ��������������� 2003 Study of Ethic
* Prasad, Jyoti, Nancy Marlow and Richard Hattwick (1998).� ���
�Gender-BasedDifferences in Perception of a Just Society, � Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 17, pp. 219-� 228.
QUESTIONNAIRE
The researchers thought the questionnaire would be the easiest part of the research process.� They were mistaken.� This part of the research became a very complicated part.� The studies from 1983 to 1995 did not include the same questions for all studies nor was the wording of the �same� question exactly the same.� Some of the differences were unintentional.� For example, the wording of the questions in the report for the 1983 study had slightly different wording for some of the questions that had been on the questionnaire.�� All questions from the studies were entered into an Excel spreadsheet so that a visual examination of the questions could be made. Anyone interested in looking
at this spreadsheet should contact Paul.� The first page of the spreadsheet is given as Appendix A.� Consequently,� in most instances, the most recent wording was used.�
Also, in doing all of the investigation of the wording of the questions, an error was made in the current study.� In the previous studies, a five-point Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree scale had been utilized with No Opinion being the midpoint for most of the questions.� In the 2003 survey, questions 30 to 38 were to have had the Influence set of answers.� But the Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree set of answers was mistakenly used instead. The possible answers should have been �Extensive Influence, Some Influence, No Opinion, Little Influence and No Influence.� Therefore, the extent of influence can be gained by interpreting a questions such as �To what extent are ethical standards of business executives influenced by peer group pressure?� as �Peer Group pressure influences the ethical standards of business executives� with the degree of agreement being the possible answers.�
Table 2.F gives the number of questions asked of each group for each survey.� The first survey in 1983 had 93 questions.� All three of the 2003 questionnaires had approximately 50 questions, instead of more questions, to try to increase response rate.
TABLE 2E.���� NUMBER OF QUESTIONS ASKED IN EACH SURVEY | |||
Year of the Study | Group Surveyed | Number of Questions | |
Attitudinal | Demographic | ||
1983 | Business Leaders | 85 | 9 |
1988 | Business Leaders | 48 | 5 |
1989 | Faculty | 48 | 5 |
1995 | Students | 51 | 4 |
2003 | Business Leaders | 47 | 7 |
2003 | Faculty | 47 | 5 |
2003 | Students | 47 | 4 |
Source:��� 2003 Study of Ethics
One of the major goals for the 2003 study was to keep the survey to no more than two pages, plus a cover letter.� Also, the same attitudinal questions were to be asked of all three groups in 2003.� Consequently, a review of the questions that had been asked ALL three groups from 1983 to 1995 revealed that only 29 had been asked of business leaders, faculty and students.� These became the first 29 questions on the 2003 survey.� Then, nine questions that had been asked of both the business leaders and the faculty were included.� These were the infamous �influence� questions that need to be reinterpreted from the original wording of the questions.� The last nine questions had been asked of both business leaders and students.� There were NO questions included on the 2003 questionnaires that had been asked of only one group.� The demographic questions were changed for the three groups.� Note that some of the faculty received a survey that had student demographics.� For those instances, the information concerning having taken an ethics course and gender was still recorded for the faculty.
As indicated above, the seemingly relatively simple updating of the ethical views of three groups became complex since three different research designs had to be employed.� Also, the original 84-attitudinal questions had to be analyzed for consistency in wording in subsequent surveys.� Other ethical questions were added to the faculty survey.� All subsequent surveys had no more than 48 attitudinal questions.� Therefore deciding what to ask became a somewhat complex question.�� The research team consulted with Dick Hattwick concerning which form of the question should be used.� The questionnaires for the business professionals, faculty and students are provided in Appendices B to E.
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
Given the complexity of the research design and the relatively few questions that had been asked of all three groups in earlier studies, the analysis therefore became a little more complex.�� Only 29 of the 47-attitudinal questions had been asked of all three groups in earlier studies. Therefore, the tables of analysis in this study had to accommodate the other 18 questions.� The research team tried to make the tables of information as consistent and easy to use as possible.� When a question was Not Asked of a particular group, then a NA was entered into the table.� For the students in the 1995, some of the information asked on the survey was not presented in the journal article.� Therefore, a NI for No Information (but asked) was included on the tables.�� For this current study, any nonresponse for the attitudinal questions was coded as a 3 for �No Opinion.�
Because there is so much information to be presented, the tables were segmented into logical sections.� Also, within each section, where possible, a more summary like table with the question, the year, the group, the percent who agreed, the average response, the standard deviation and the number of respondents is presented.� The second table, where possible, presents the percentage of respondents who gave each of the Agreement answers.
�ALL THREE GROUPS
INTRODUCTION
The background characteristics of each of the three groups for 2003 will be presented.� A comparison to the earlier respective demographics will also be given.� The question on ethics is presented before the demographics.� The characteristics of the business leaders, faculty and students will then be discussed.
Although not a demographic question, the question concerning haven taken an ethics class, its information is presented in this section.�� Table 3A reveals that business leaders were more likely to have taken the ethics course than the current college of business students.� The students were the least likely to have had such a course.
TABLE 3A.��� PERCENT IN EACH GROUP HAVING TAKEN AN ETHICS OR MORAL PHILOSOPHY COURSE | |||
Percent Saying Yes | |||
Business Leaders | Faculty | Students | |
Have you ever taken an ethics or moral philosophy course? | 56% | 51% | 36% |
(n=66) | (n=266) | (n=1003) | |
Source:����������� 2003 Study of Ethics
DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
BUSINESS LEADERS
As shown in Table 3B, in 2003 an overwhelming percentage of the respondents were male, 92%.� Even though Best Lists of Arizona randomly selected the sample of large companies, none of the respondent�s companies employed more than 900 persons.� The average was in the 700 range.� The two states with the largest number of respondents were California and Illinois, 14% and 11%.�� Almost half of the respondents were CEO�s, in the service sector and had a management and marketing background.�
The percentage of respondents in 1983 identifying themselves as CEO�s was very close to the 2003 percentage.� No information was reported in the 1988 article about business leaders.
TABLE 3B.���� DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ESPONDING�USINESS LEADERS | ||||
Year of the Study | ||||
Demographic Characteristics | 2003 | 1988 | 1983 | |
Gender����������� : | ||||
Male | 92% | |||
Females | 8% | |||
100% (n=63) | ||||
Approximate Number of Employees | ||||
50 | 11% | |||
500 | 22% | |||
600 | 11% | |||
700 | 11% | |||
800 | 22% | |||
900 | 22% | |||
99%� (n=9) | ||||
State in which you work | ||||
Alabama | 2 | |||
CA | 14 | |||
Colorado | 2 | |||
Connecticut | 2 | |||
Florida | 3 | |||
Georgia | 3 | |||
Illinois | 11 | |||
Indiana | 6 | |||
Iowa | 2 | |||
Kentucky | 2 | ||
Louisiana | 3 | ||
MA | 2 | ||
Maryland | 2 | ||
MI | 6 | ||
Minnesota | 3 | ||
MO | 2 | ||
Nebraska | 2 | ||
New Jersey | 3 | ||
New York | 5 | ||
NC | 3 | ||
Ohio | 6 | ||
PA | 5 | ||
SC | 2 | ||
South Dakota | 2 | ||
Tennessee | 2 | ||
Texas | 6 | ||
101% (n=66) | |||
Job Title or Position | |||
TABLE 3B.���� DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDING������������������������ USINESS LEADERS | |||
Year of the Study | |||
Demographic Characteristics | 2003 | 1988 | 1983 |
CEO | 47% | 69% | |
President | 20% | ||
Vice President | 20% | 14% | |
Other | 14% | 17% | |
101% (n=64) | 100% (n=119) | ||
Largest General Area of Your Business | |||
Services | 44% | ||
Manufacturing | 30% | ||
Agriculture/Construction | 8% | ||
Transportation | 12% | ||
US/Global/North America | 5% | ||
99% (n=61) | |||
Functional Area in Which You Have Primarily Worked? | |||
Management | 33% | ||
Marketing | 18% | ||
Finance | 13% | ||
Operations | 27% | ||
Other | 8% | ||
99% (n=58) | |||
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
FACULTY
In 2003, three fourths of the faculty respondents were male.� The largest responding group was faculty.�� About half were from regional universities with masters programs.� About 4 in 10 were in business administration or management.� All of the respondents in 2003 were from AACSB accredited schools.� Only 43% of the 1989 respondents were from AACSB schools.� Note that there are many missing values in this data since not all faculty received a questionnaire with the correct demographic questions on it.� In 1989, almost the same percentage of faculty responded as in 2003, 53% to 52%.
TABLE 3C.��� DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDING FACULTY | ||
Year of the Study | ||
Demographic Characteristics | 2003 | 1989 |
Gender | ||
Male | 75% | |
Female | 25% | |
100%� (n=264) | ||
Title | ||
Dean | 39% | 27% |
Associate Dean | 9% | |
Faculty | 52% | 53% |
Chairpersons | 0% | 20% |
100% (n=151) | 100% (n=445) | |
General Nature of their Universities | ||
Regional U.� Undergraduate Only | 9% | |
Regional U. with Masters | 52% | |
Doctoral Granting | 40% | |
100% (n=90) | ||
General Area of teaching | ||
Accounting | 11% | |
Business Administration | 13% | |
Management | 30% | |
Ethics and/or Law | 6% | |
Management Information | 6% | |
Economics | 11% | |
Other | 4% | |
Finance | 7 | |
Marketing | 13% | |
100% (n=202) | ||
AACSB Accredited | 100% | 43% |
STUDENTS
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
In 2003, over half of the students were male compared to 49% in 1995.�� There were a lower percentage of senior students in 2003 compared to 1995, 39% to 47%.�� The vast majority in both years was college of� business majors.
TABLE 3D.��� DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDING STUDENTS | ||
Year of the Study | ||
Demographic Characteristics | 2003 | 1995 |
Gender | ||
Male | 54% | 49% |
Female | 46% | 51% |
100% (n=1002) | 100% (n=191) | |
Year in School | ||
Freshman/Sophomore | 3% | 8% |
Junior/Senior | 48% | 45% |
Senior/graduate school | 39% | 47% |
100% (n=1009) | 100% (n=191) | |
Major | ||
College of Business | 98% | 90% |
Other | 2% | 10% |
100% (n=995) | 100% (n=191) | |
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
INTRODUCTION
In this section, the focus is on the information concerning all three groups:� business leaders, faculty and students.� Table 4A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question for each group, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 4B for a clearer understanding of these questions.
Table 4B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question for each group.� The discussion will focus on Table 4A.� One can examine the differences in the actual responses in Table 4B depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.
ANALYSIS
Table 4A shows the percent of the three responding groups agreeing with each statement.� Of the 47 questions on the 2003 questionnaire, 27 answers were positive from all of the respondents.� Nine responses were negative from all of the respondents.� The respondents� answers were mixed on the other 11 questions.� Of the 11 questions with mixed responses, faculty and students agreed 6 times, faculty and business people agreed 3 times, and business people and students agreed twice.� Four out of the six times that faculty and students agreed their answers were positive.� All three times that faculty agreed with business people their answers were negative.� Business people and students agreed once positively and once negatively.� Overall, business people gave positive answers 66 percent of the time; faculty gave positive answers 68 percent of the time; and students gave positive answers 72 percent of the time.
TABLE 4A.���� PERCENT OF EACH OF THE THREE 2003 RESPONDING GROUPS AGREEING�WITH EACH STATEMENT� (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % Agree | Mean | Std. Dev. | n= |
1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 76% | 2.1 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 67% | 2.4 | 1.2 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 77% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 11% | 4.0 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 19% | 3.8 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 25% | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 35% | 3.1 | 0.9 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 58% | 2.7 | 1.0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 60% | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 99% | 1.3 | 0.5 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.5 | 0.7 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 93% | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1009 | ||
5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 71% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 68% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 66% | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 70% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.2 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 72% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 92% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 81% | 2.0 | 1.0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 83% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1009 | ||
8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 88% | 1.7 | 0.9 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 73% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 56% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 42% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 30% | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 99% | 1.2 | 0.4 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 99% | 1.2 | 0.5 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 94% | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1009 | ||
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 12% | 4.3 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 38% | 3.2 | 1.2 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 60% | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1009 | ||
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 11% | 4.2 | 0.9 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 15% | 3.7 | 1.0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 20% | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 28% | 3.5 | 1.2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 51% | 2.9 | 1.2 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 55% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1009 | ||
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 19% | 3.8 | 1.1 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 36% | 3.1 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 46% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 67% | 2.5 | 0.9 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 34% | 3.2 | 1.0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 24% | 3.3 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 59% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 85% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 89% | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1009 | ||
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 29% | 3.3 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 53% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 60% | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 8% | 4.1 | 0.8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.1 | 0.8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 36% | 3.2 | 1.1 | 1009 | ||
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 91% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 76% | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 31% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 20% | 3.3 | 0.9 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 31% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 87% | 1.7 | 0.9 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 81% | 1.9 | 1.0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 84% | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 53% | 2.8 | 1.2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 43% | 3.1 | 1.2 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 55% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1009 | ||
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 88% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 84% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1009 | ||
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 49% | 2.9 | 1.1 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 81% | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 3% | 4.2 | 0.7 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 3% | 4.1 | 0.7 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 36% | 3.1 | 1.1 | 1009 | ||
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 29% | 3.6 | 1.2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
Students | 47% | 2.8 | |||||
2003 | 1.0 | 1009 | |||||
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 29% | 3.4 | 1.2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 16% | 3.9 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 34% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 99% | 1.5 | 0.5 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.8 | 0.6 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 83% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1009 | ||
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 0% | 4.5 | 0.6 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.0 | 0.8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 20% | 3.6 | 1.1 | 1009 | ||
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 34% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 65 |
2003 | Faculty | 43% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 268 | ||
2003 | Students | 63% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1009 | ||
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 56% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 69% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 50% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1009 | ||
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 23% | 3.7 | 1.1 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 35% | 3.3 | 1.3 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 28% | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1009 | ||
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 55% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 74% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 71% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
43 | Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 86% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 88% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 75% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1009 | ||
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 85% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 82% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 67% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1009 | ||
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 86% | 1.9 | 0.9 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 87% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 82% | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1009 | ||
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 86% | 1.8 | 1.0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 88% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1009 | ||
Business | |||||||
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Leaders | 93% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 88% | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1009 | ||
30 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 55% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 87% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 252 | ||
2003 | Students | 75% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1004 | ||
31 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 66% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.9 | 0.6 | 252 | ||
2003 | Students | 87% | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1004 | ||
32 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 81% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 89% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 253 | ||
2003 | Students | 86% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1004 | ||
33 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 83% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 72% | 2.3 | 1.0 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 58% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 1004 | ||
34 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 74% | 2.4 | 0.9 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 59% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 43% | 2.9 | 1.0 | 1004 | ||
35 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 83% | 2.2 | 0.7 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.3 | 0.8 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 78% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1004 | ||
36 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 90% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 75% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 80% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1004 | ||
37 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 85% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 78% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 84% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1004 | ||
38 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 75% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 255 | ||
2003 | Students | 71% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 1004 | ||
TABLE 4B.��FOR ALL SEVEN YEARS, PERCENT OF EACH OF THE THREE GROUPS PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | %SA | %A | %NO | %D | %SD | n= |
�� 1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 29 | 47 | 12 | 9 | 3 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 23 | 44 | 9 | 20 | 4 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 23 | 54 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 1009 | ||
�� 2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 8 | 8 | 52 | 30 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 3 | 16 | 7 | 52 | 23 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 3 | 22 | 20 | 45 | 10 | 1009 | ||
�� 3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 33 | 21 | 42 | 2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 7 | 51 | 15 | 23 | 5 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 7 | 53 | 25 | 13 | 1 | 1009 | ||
�� 4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 76 | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 64 | 31 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 64 | 29 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1009 | ||
�� 5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 15 | 56 | 8 | 18 | 3 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 23 | 45 | 11 | 18 | 3 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 20 | 46 | 19 | 14 | 1 | 1009 | ||
�� 6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 11 | 59 | 11 | 15 | 5 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 26 | 47 | 7 | 16 | 3 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 23 | 49 | 17 | 11 | 1 | 1009 | ||
�� 7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 26 | 66 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 35 | 46 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 30 | 53 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 1009 | ||
�� 8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 53 | 35 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 31 | 49 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 19 | 54 | 17 | 8 | 1 | 1009 | ||
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 14 | 42 | 24 | 15 | 5 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 9 | 33 | 31 | 23 | 5 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 8 | 22 | 39 | 24 | 7 | 1009 | ||
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 85 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 82 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 59 | 35 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1009 | ||
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 12 | 2 | 33 | 53 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 8 | 30 | 12 | 35 | 16 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 16 | 44 | 13 | 21 | 6 | 1009 | ||
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 11 | 5 | 44 | 41 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 3 | 12 | 16 | 49 | 20 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 3 | 17 | 28 | 44 | 9 | 1009 | ||
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 5 | 23 | 15 | 32 | 26 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 10 | 41 | 12 | 29 | 8 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 15 | 40 | 23 | 18 | 4 | 1009 | ||
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 17 | 11 | 45 | 26 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 6 | 30 | 22 | 35 | 7 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 8 | 38 | 28 | 24 | 3 | 1009 | ||
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 6 | 61 | 9 | 24 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 4 | 30 | 16 | 45 | 4 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 5 | 19 | 24 | 46 | 7 | 1009 | ||
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 6 | 53 | 6 | 29 | 6 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 13 | 72 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 17 | 72 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 1009 | ||
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 26 | 15 | 53 | 3 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 7 | 46 | 9 | 32 | 6 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 10 | 50 | 17 | 22 | 1 | 1009 | ||
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 8 | 8 | 56 | 29 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 59 | 27 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 4 | 32 | 14 | 42 | 9 | 1009 | ||
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 35 | 56 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 26 | 50 | 13 | 10 | 1 | 1009 | ||
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 5 | 26 | 30 | 33 | 6 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 3 | 17 | 34 | 43 | 3 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 5 | 26 | 29 | 37 | 4 | 1009 | ||
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 55 | 32 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 42 | 39 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 41 | 43 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1009 | ||
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 14 | 39 | 12 | 27 | 8 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 9 | 34 | 9 | 37 | 11 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 10 | 45 | 18 | 24 | 4 | 1009 | ||
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 36 | 52 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 39 | 52 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 30 | 54 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1009 | ||
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 41 | 11 | 35 | 6 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 8 | 46 | 16 | 25 | 5 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 25 | 56 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 1009 | ||
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 3 | 6 | 61 | 30 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 1 | 2 | 8 | 62 | 27 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 6 | 30 | 18 | 40 | 7 | 1009 | ||
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 26 | 9 | 33 | 29 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 7 | 47 | 17 | 19 | 10 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 5 | 42 | 30 | 16 | 7 | 1009 | ||
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 21 | 11 | 44 | 17 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 3 | 13 | 9 | 45 | 31 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 3 | 31 | 28 | 33 | 5 | 1009 | ||
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 52 | 47 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 30 | 65 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 14 | 69 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 1009 | ||
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 0 | 3 | 49 | 49 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 62 | 25 | 269 | ||
to follow to survive. | 2003 | Students | 4 | 16 | 17 | 43 | 19 | 1009 | |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 32 | 25 | 37 | 5 | 65 |
2003 | Faculty | 12 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 3 | 268 | ||
2003 | Students | 15 | 48 | 18 | 18 | 1 | 1009 | ||
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 6 | 50 | 14 | 24 | 6 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 7 | 62 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 6 | 44 | 18 | 26 | 6 | 1009 | ||
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 21 | 11 | 38 | 29 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 7 | 28 | 14 | 30 | 21 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 6 | 22 | 22 | 30 | 20 | 1009 | ||
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 47 | 14 | 26 | 6 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 15 | 59 | 7 | 14 | 5 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 16 | 55 | 15 | 11 | 3 | 1009 | ||
43 | Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 21 | 65 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 33 | 55 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 17 | 58 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 1009 | ||
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 20 | 65 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 26 | 56 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 19 | 48 | 26 | 5 | 1 | 1009 | ||
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 33 | 53 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 39 | 48 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 39 | 43 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 1009 | ||
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 44 | 42 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 49 | 42 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 44 | 44 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1009 | ||
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 46 | 47 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 66 |
2003 | Faculty | 51 | 41 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 269 | ||
2003 | Students | 45 | 43 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1009 | ||
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 53 | 13 | 28 | 5 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 23 | 64 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 252 | ||
2003 | Students | 13 | 62 | 14 | 10 | 2 | 1004 | ||
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 63 | 8 | 25 | 2 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 26 | 65 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 252 | ||
2003 | Students | 20 | 67 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 1004 | ||
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by perceived preference of top executives. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 17 | 64 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 33 | 56 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 253 | ||
2003 | Students | 29 | 57 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1004 | ||
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 75 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 11 | 61 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 11 | 47 | 20 | 21 | 1 | 1004 | ||
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 66 | 10 | 14 | 2 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 8 | 51 | 21 | 17 | 3 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 8 | 35 | 26 | 27 | 4 | 1004 | ||
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences?. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 75 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 8 | 65 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 14 | 64 | 12 | 9 | 1 | 1004 | ||
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 27 | 63 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 11 | 64 | 13 | 10 | 2 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 19 | 61 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 1004 | ||
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 27 | 58 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 15 | 63 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 254 | ||
2003 | Students | 19 | 65 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1004 | ||
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 67 | 9 | 14 | 2 | 64 |
2003 | Faculty | 20 | 60 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 255 | ||
2003 | Students | 14 | 57 | 16 | 12 | 2 | 1004 | ||
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
* The actual question on the questionnaire was �To what extent are ethical standards influenced by�"
�LEADERS� FOR 2003
INTRODUCTION
In this section, the focus is only on the business leaders for the 2003 study.� Table 5A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 5B for a clearer understanding of these questions.� Table 5B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.�
ANALYSIS
�One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.� A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.
TABLE 5A.���� PERCENT OF THE BUSINESS LEADERS IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT (1 = SA; 5=SD) | |||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % Agree | Mean | Std. Dev. | n= |
1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 76% | 2.1 | 1.0 | 66 |
2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 11% | 4.0 | 1.0 | 66 |
3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 35% | 3.1 | 0.9 | 66 |
4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 99% | 1.3 | 0.5 | 66 |
5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 71% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 66 |
6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 70% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 66 |
7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 92% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 66 |
8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 88% | 1.7 | 0.9 | 66 |
9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 56% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 66 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 99% | 1.2 | 0.4 | 66 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 12% | 4.3 | 1.0 | 66 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 11% | 4.2 | 0.9 | 66 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 28% | 3.5 | 1.2 | 66 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 19% | 3.8 | 1.1 | 66 |
The ethical standards used in |
15 | business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 67% | 2.5 | 0.9 | 66 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 59% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 66 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 29% | 3.3 | 1.0 | 66 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 8% | 4.1 | 0.8 | 66 |
19 | It is in the long run self- interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 91% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 66 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 31% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 66 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 87% | 1.7 | 0.9 | 66 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 53% | 2.8 | 1.2 | 66 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 88% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 66 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 49% | 2.9 | 1.1 | 66 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 3% | 4.2 | 0.7 | 66 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 29% | 3.6 | 1.2 | 66 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 29% | 3.4 | 1.2 | 66 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 99% | 1.5 | 0.5 | 66 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 0% | 4.5 | 0.6 | 66 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and |
promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 34% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 65 | |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 56% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 66 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 23% | 3.7 | 1.1 | 66 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 55% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 66 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 86% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 66 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 85% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 66 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 86% | 1.9 | 0.9 | 66 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 86% | 1.8 | 1.0 | 66 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Business Leaders | 93% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 66 |
30 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 55% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 64 |
31 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 66% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 64 |
32 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 81% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 64 |
33 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 83% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 64 |
34 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 74% | 2.4 | 0.9 | 64 |
35 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 83% | 2.2 | 0.7 | 64 |
36 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 90% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 64 |
37 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 85% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 64 |
38 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Business Leaders | 75% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 64 |
TABLE 5B.������ PERCENT OF THE BUSINESS LEADERS IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD)
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | %SA | %A | %NO | %D | %SD | n= |
�� 1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 29 | 47 | 12 | 9 | 3 | 66 |
�� 2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 8 | 8 | 52 | 30 | 66 |
�� 3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 33 | 21 | 42 | 2 | 66 |
�� 4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 76 | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 66 |
�� 5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 15 | 56 | 8 | 18 | 3 | 66 |
�� 6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 11 | 59 | 11 | 15 | 5 | 66 |
�� 7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 26 | 66 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 2003 |
�� 8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 53 | 35 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 66 |
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 14 | 42 | 24 | 15 | 5 | 66 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 85 | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 66 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 12 | 2 | 33 | 53 | 66 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 11 | 5 | 44 | 41 | 66 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 5 | 23 | 15 | 32 | 26 | 66 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 17 | 11 | 45 | 26 | 66 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 6 | 61 | 9 | 24 | 0 | 66 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 6 | 53 | 6 | 29 | 6 | 66 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 26 | 15 | 53 | 3 | 66 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 8 | 8 | 56 | 29 | 66 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 35 | 56 | 3 | 6 | 0 | 66 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 5 | 26 | 30 | 33 | 6 | 66 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 55 | 32 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 66 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 14 | 39 | 12 | 27 | 8 | 66 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 36 | 52 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 66 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 41 | 11 | 35 | 6 | 66 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 3 | 6 | 61 | 30 | 66 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 26 | 9 | 33 | 29 | 66 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 21 | 11 | 44 | 17 | 66 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 52 | 47 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 66 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 0 | 0 | 3 | 49 | 49 | 66 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 32 | 25 | 37 | 5 | 65 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 6 | 50 | 14 | 24 | 6 | 66 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 21 | 11 | 38 | 29 | 66 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 47 | 14 | 26 | 6 | 66 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 21 | 65 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 66 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 20 | 65 | 8 | 6 | 2 | 66 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 33 | 53 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 66 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 44 | 42 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 66 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 46 | 47 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 66 |
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 2 | 53 | 13 | 28 | 5 | 64 |
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice. | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 3 | 63 | 8 | 25 | 2 | 64 |
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 17 | 64 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 64 |
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 75 | 6 | 9 | 2 | 64 |
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 66 | 10 | 14 | 2 | 64 |
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 75 | 9 | 6 | 2 | 64 |
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 27 | 63 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 64 |
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 27 | 58 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 64 |
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Bus. Leaders | 8 | 67 | 9 | 14 | 2 | 64 |
Source:� ��������������� 2003 Study of Ethics
* The actual question on the questionnaire was �* To what extent are ethical standards influenced by ��
INTRODUCTION
In this section, the focus is only on the faculty for the 2003 study.� Table 6A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 6B for a clearer understanding of these questions.� Table 6B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.�
ANALYSIS
�One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.� A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.
TABLE 6A.���� PERCENT OF THE FACULTY IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT(1 = SA, 5=SD) | |||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % Agree | Mean | Std. Dev. | n= |
1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Faculty | 67% | 2.4 | 1.2 | 269 |
2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Faculty | 19% | 3.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Faculty | 58% | 2.7 | 1.0 | 269 |
4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.5 | 0.7 | 269 |
5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 68% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 |
6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.2 | 1.1 | 269 |
7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 81% | 2.0 | 1.0 | 269 |
8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 |
9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 42% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 269 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Faculty | 99% | 1.2 | 0.5 | 269 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Faculty | 38% | 3.2 | 1.2 | 269 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Faculty | 15% | 3.7 | 1.0 | 269 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Faculty | 51% | 2.9 | 1.2 | 269 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Faculty | 36% | 3.1 | 1.1 | 269 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Faculty | 34% | 3.2 | 1.0 | 269 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Faculty | 85% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 269 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Faculty | 53% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.1 | 0.8 | 269 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 20% | 3.3 | 0.9 | 269 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that |
employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Faculty | 81% | 1.9 | 1.0 | 269 | |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Faculty | 43% | 3.1 | 1.2 | 269 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 269 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 269 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 3% | 4.1 | 0.7 | 269 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Faculty | 54% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 269 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 16% | 3.9 | 1.1 | 269 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Faculty | 95% | 1.8 | 0.6 | 269 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Faculty | 7% | 4.0 | 0.8 | 269 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Faculty | 43% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 268 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Faculty | 69% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 269 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Faculty | 35% | 3.3 | 1.3 | 269 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Faculty | 74% | 2.4 | 1.1 | 269 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 88% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 269 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 82% | 2.0 | 0.9 | 269 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Faculty | 87% | 1.8 | 0.8 | 269 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 269 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 92% | 1.6 | 0.8 | 269 |
30 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Faculty | 87% | 2.0 | 0.8 | 252 |
31 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Faculty | 91% | 1.9 | 0.6 | 252 |
32 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Faculty | 89% | 1.8 | 0.7 | 253 |
33 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 72% | 2.3 | 1.0 | 254 |
To what extent are ethical standards |
34 | influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 59% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 254 |
35 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Faculty | 73% | 2.3 | 0.8 | 254 |
36 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Faculty | 75% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 254 |
37 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Faculty | 78% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 254 |
38 | To what extent are ethical standards influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Faculty | 80% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 255 |
TABLE 6B.������ PERCENT OF THE FACULTY IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF�AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | %SA | %A | %NO | %D | %SD | n= |
�� 1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 44 | 9 | 20 | 4 | 269 |
�� 2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 16 | 7 | 52 | 23 | 269 |
�� 3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 51 | 15 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
�� 4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Faculty | 64 | 31 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 269 |
�� 5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 45 | 11 | 18 | 3 | 269 |
�� 6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 47 | 7 | 16 | 3 | 269 |
�� 7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 35 | 46 | 5 | 12 | 2 | 2003 |
�� 8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Faculty | 31 | 49 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 269 |
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 33 | 31 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 33 | 31 | 23 | 5 | 269 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Faculty | 82 | 17 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 269 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 30 | 12 | 35 | 16 | 269 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 12 | 16 | 49 | 20 | 269 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Faculty | 10 | 41 | 12 | 29 | 8 | 269 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Faculty | 6 | 30 | 22 | 35 | 7 | 269 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Faculty | 4 | 30 | 16 | 45 | 4 | 269 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Faculty | 13 | 72 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 269 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 46 | 9 | 32 | 6 | 269 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 59 | 27 | 269 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 50 | 42 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 269 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 17 | 34 | 43 | 3 | 269 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Faculty | 42 | 39 | 6 | 13 | 0 | 269 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Faculty | 9 | 34 | 9 | 37 | 11 | 269 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Faculty | 39 | 52 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 269 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 46 | 16 | 25 | 5 | 269 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 2 | 8 | 62 | 27 | 269 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 47 | 17 | 19 | 10 | 269 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 3 | 13 | 9 | 45 | 31 | 269 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Faculty | 30 | 65 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 269 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Faculty | 1 | 6 | 6 | 62 | 25 | 269 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Faculty | 12 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 3 | 268 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 62 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 269 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Faculty | 7 | 28 | 14 | 30 | 21 | 269 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Faculty | 15 | 59 | 7 | 14 | 5 | 269 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 33 | 55 | 8 | 3 | 2 | 269 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 56 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 269 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Faculty | 39 | 48 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 269 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Faculty | 49 | 42 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 269 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Faculty | 51 | 41 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 269 |
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Faculty | 23 | 64 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 252 |
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice. | 2003 | Faculty | 26 | 65 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 252 |
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by perceived preference of top executives. | 2003 | Faculty | 33 | 56 | 8 | 3 | 0 | 253 |
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences. | 2003 | Faculty | 11 | 61 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 |
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 51 | 21 | 17 | 3 | 254 |
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences. | 2003 | Faculty | 8 | 65 | 14 | 12 | 1 | 254 |
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy. | 2003 | Faculty | 11 | 64 | 13 | 10 | 2 | 254 |
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code. | 2003 | Faculty | 15 | 63 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 254 |
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate. | 2003 | Faculty | 20 | 60 | 11 | 8 | 1 | 255 |
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
* The actual question on the questionnaire was �To what extent are ethical standards influenced by ��
�FOR 2003
INTRODUCTION
In this section, the focus is only on the students for the 2003 study.� Table 7A presents a summary version of the information for each of the 47 attitudinal questions.� For each question, the percent that agreed with each statement is
given.� In addition, the average response (low is positive) and the standard deviation for each question are provided.� The number of responses completes the information for each group for each question.� Questions 30 to 38 are given at the end of the table since their answers should have reflected �to what extent� instead of a SA to SD perspective.� See Table 7B for a clearer understanding of these questions.� Table 7B gives the percentage of respondents who either Strongly Agreed, Agree, gave No Opinion, Disagreed or Strongly Disagreed for each question.�
ANALYSIS
One can examine the differences in the actual responses in these two tables depending upon his or her interest in the particular question and/or group.� A detailed analysis of the information in this section is beyond the scope of the project.
TABLE 7A.���� PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS IN 2003 AGREEING WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | % Agree | Mean | Std. Dev. | n= |
1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Students | 77% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 |
2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Students | 25% | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1009 |
3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Students | 60% | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1009 |
4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Students | 93% | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1009 |
5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 66% | 2.3 | 1.0 | 1009 |
6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 72% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 |
7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 83% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1009 |
8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Students | 73% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1009 |
9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Students | 30% | 3.0 | 1.0 | 1009 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Students | 94% | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1009 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Students | 60% | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1009 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Students | 20% | 3.4 | 1.0 | 1009 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Students | 55% | 2.6 | 1.1 | 1009 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Students | 46% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1009 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are | ||||||
as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Students | 24% | 3.3 | 1.0 | 1009 | |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Students | 89% | 2.0 | 0.6 | 1009 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Students | 60% | 2.5 | 1.0 | 1009 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Students | 36% | 3.2 | 1.1 | 1009 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 76% | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1009 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Students | 31% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1009 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Students | 84% | 1.8 | 0.9 | 1009 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Students | 55% | 2.7 | 1.1 | 1009 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Students | 84% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1009 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 81% | 2.1 | 0.9 | 1009 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 36% | 3.1 | 1.1 | 1009 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Students | 47% | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1009 |
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Students | 34% | 3.1 | 1.0 | 1009 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Students | 83% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1009 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Students | 20% | 3.6 | 1.1 | 1009 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Students | 63% | 2.4 | 1.0 | 1009 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Students | 50% | 2.8 | 1.1 | 1009 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Students | 28% | 3.4 | 1.2 | 1009 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Students | 71% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 1009 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations are needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 75% | 2.1 | 0.7 | 1009 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Students | 67% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1009 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Students | 82% | 1.9 | 0.9 | 1009 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an |
equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Students | 88% | 1.7 | 0.8 | 1009 | |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Students | 88% | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1009 |
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures. | 2003 | Students | 75% | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1004 |
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice. | 2003 | Students | 87% | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1004 |
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by the perceived preference of top executives. | 2003 | Students | 86% | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1004 |
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences. | 2003 | Students | 58% | 2.6 | 1.0 | 1004 |
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences. | 2003 | Students | 43% | 2.9 | 1.0 | 1004 |
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences. | 2003 | Students | 78% | 2.2 | 0.8 | 1004 |
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy. | 2003 | Students | 80% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1004 |
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code. | 2003 | Students | 84% | 2.1 | 0.8 | 1004 |
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate. | 2003 | Students | 71% | 2.3 | 0.9 | 1004 |
Source:� ����2003 Study of Ethics
� The actual question on the questionnaire was �To what extent are ethical standards influenced by �
TABLE 7B.������ PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS IN 2003 PROVIDING THEIR DEGREE OF�AGREEMENT WITH EACH STATEMENT (1=SA;� 5=SD) | |||||||||
Q# | QUESTION | Year | Type | %SA | %A | %NO | %D | %SD | n= |
�� 1 | The corporation has a responsibility to take the lead in solving major social problems such as pollution, discrimination, and safety. | 2003 | Students | 23 | 54 | 11 | 11 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 2 | The corporation has a responsibility to not become involved in solving social problems unless doing so becomes a cost of doing business or the opportunity to earn a profit. | 2003 | Students | 3 | 22 | 20 | 45 | 10 | 1009 |
�� 3 | The corporation has the responsibility to get involved in social responsibility projects because outside pressures make such� an involvement a cost of doing business. | 2003 | Students | 7 | 53 | 25 | 13 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 4 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote equal opportunity in hiring and promotion. | 2003 | Students | 64 | 29 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 5 | The corporation has a responsibility to promote conservation of energy even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 20 | 46 | 19 | 14 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 6 | The corporation has a responsibility to conserve natural resources, even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 23 | 49 | 17 | 11 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 7 | The corporation has a responsibility to clean up or avoid causing air, noise, and water pollution even if doing so means a reduction in profits. | 2003 | Students | 30 | 53 | 10 | 6 | 1 | 2003 |
�� 8 | The corporation has a responsibility to contribute money and management time to civic activities in communities where the firm has plants or offices. | 2003 | Students | 19 | 54 | 17 | 8 | 1 | 1009 |
�� 9 | The corporation has a responsibility to help minority owned businesses. | 2003 | Students | 8 | 22 | 39 | 24 | 7 | 1009 |
10 | The corporation has a responsibility to be truthful in advertising. | 2003 | Students | 59 | 35 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1009 |
11 | The typical business executive has two sets of ethical standards, one which he/she applies to business activities and another which is applied to his/her private life. | 2003 | Students | 16 | 44 | 13 | 21 | 6 | 1009 |
12 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in government. | 2003 | Students | 3 | 17 | 28 | 44 | 9 | 1009 |
13 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in most religious organizations. | 2003 | Students | 15 | 40 | 23 | 18 | 4 | 1009 |
14 | Ethical standards in business are lower than in the typical American family. | 2003 | Students | 8 | 38 | 28 | 24 | 3 | 1009 |
15 | The ethical standards used in business are as high as those practiced with family and friends. | 2003 | Students | 5 | 19 | 24 | 46 | 7 | 1009 |
16 | Occasionally, business people make decisions that are right for business but which are inconsistent with their personal ethical principles. | 2003 | Students | 17 | 72 | 7 | 4 | 0 | 1009 |
17 | Much advertising done by business is misleading to the consumer. | 2003 | Students | 10 | 50 | 17 | 22 | 1 | 1009 |
18 | Effective advertising may have to be somewhat misleading. | 2003 | Students | 4 | 32 | 14 | 42 | 9 | 1009 |
19 | It is in the long run self-interest of business to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 26 | 50 | 13 | 10 | 1 | 1009 |
20 | The average customer is less ethical in dealing with business than the business is in dealing with that customer. | 2003 | Students | 5 | 26 | 29 | 37 | 4 | 1009 |
21 | No employee should be required to engage in business practices that employee considers unethical. | 2003 | Students | 41 | 43 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 1009 |
22 | In accepting an employment offer each employee implicitly agrees to abide by the ethical standards of the employer, even if the company standards differ from those of the employee. | 2003 | Students | 10 | 45 | 18 | 24 | 4 | 1009 |
23 | Wages and salaries should vary according to an employee�s productivity. | 2003 | Students | 30 | 54 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1009 |
24 | Wages and salaries should vary according to both the employee�s productivity and years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 25 | 56 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 1009 |
25 | Wages and salaries should vary primarily with the employee's years of service with the firm. | 2003 | Students | 6 | 30 | 18 | 40 | 7 | 1009 |
26 | Labor unions serve a useful purpose by prodding a particular management into fulfilling its responsibilities to labor. | 2003 | Students | 5 | 42 | 30 | 16 | 7 | 1009 |
2003 | Students | 5 | 42 | 30 | 16 | 7 | 1009 | ||
27 | The corporation should seek to maximize short run profits. | 2003 | Students | 3 | 31 | 28 | 33 | 5 | 1009 |
28 | The corporation should seek to earn a satisfactory rate of return for stockholders. | 2003 | Students | 14 | 69 | 12 | 4 | 0 | 1009 |
29 | The ethical standards in competition are determined by the least ethical competitor.� If one firm engages in unethical conduct, the others will have to follow to survive. | 2003 | Students | 4 | 16 | 17 | 43 | 19 | 1009 |
39 | All institutions in our society should seek to protect and promote the interests of individuals. | 2003 | Students | 15 | 48 | 18 | 18 | 1 | 1009 |
40 | Individual freedom may have to be partly restricted in order for organizations to effectively function. | 2003 | Students | 6 | 44 | 18 | 26 | 6 | 1009 |
41 | Government should redistribute income in order to assure a minimum standard of living for all citizens. | 2003 | Students | 6 | 22 | 22 | 30 | 20 | 1009 |
42 | Government should provide incentives for business to get involved in solving social problems. | 2003 | Students | 16 | 55 | 15 | 11 | 3 | 1009 |
43 | Truth in lending regulations is needed to protect the customer. | 2003 | Students | 17 | 58 | 22 | 3 | 0 | 1009 |
44 | Antitrust laws prohibiting price fixing benefit the customer. | 2003 | Students | 19 | 48 | 26 | 5 | 1 | 1009 |
45 | Lazy or incompetent employees should be fired. | 2003 | Students | 39 | 43 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 1009 |
46 | A company should have formal policies to guarantee that every employee has an equal opportunity for promotion, pay increases, and other rewards provided by the firm. | 2003 | Students | 44 | 44 | 8 | 3 | 1 | 1009 |
47 | The corporation should seek to maximize long run profits. | 2003 | Students | 45 | 43 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 1009 |
30 | * Ethical standards are influenced by peer group pressures? | 2003 | Students | 13 | 62 | 14 | 10 | 2 | 1004 |
31 | * Ethical standards are influenced by prevailing industry practice? | 2003 | Students | 20 | 67 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 1004 |
32 | * Ethical standards are influenced by perceived preference of top executives? | 2003 | Students | 29 | 57 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 1004 |
33 | * Ethical standards are influenced by family experiences? | 2003 | Students | 11 | 47 | 20 | 21 | 1 | 1004 |
34 | * Ethical standards are influenced by church experiences? | 2003 | Students | 8 | 35 | 26 | 27 | 4 | 1004 |
35 | * Ethical standards are influenced by your educational experiences? | 2003 | Students | 14 | 64 | 12 | 9 | 1 | 1004 |
36 | * Ethical standards are influenced by company's ethical code or policy? | 2003 | Students | 19 | 61 | 12 | 7 | 1 | 1004 |
37 | * Ethical standards are influenced by professional ethical code? | 2003 | Students | 19 | 65 | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1004 |
38 | * Ethical standards are influenced by society's moral climate? | 2003 | Students | 14 | 57 | 16 | 12 | 2 | 1004 |
Source:������ 2003 Study of Ethics
* The actual question on the questionnaire was �To what extent are ethical standards influenced by��
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